The Concept Of A Paradigm Shift - 1640 Words

Micheal Shermer similarly outlined the emphasis Neo-Darwinism placed on constant reiteration of the importance of Darwin s â€Å"idea†, defined as a singular, revolutionary entity within the history of science that was first exclusively formed in 1837 and confirmed by others1 in the vein of Thomas S. Kuhn2 (as opposed to the very gradual process of disciplinary development in evolutionary science described in nuance by Ruse, albeit with the same revolutionary interpretation present3). Coyne likewise provides a good summary of the enduring Neo-Darwinian position at present on Origins as â€Å"the book that started it all† in creating a more materialistic view of biology and the wider universe4. This idea of a paradigm-shift has been reiterated implicitly over time amongst others such as Shermer5. Most of the later Neo-Darwinian works making this point owe a heavy debt in terms of codifying their historical perspective to Daniel Dennett. Dennett explored the idea of positive Darwinian progress philosophically, famously describing Darwinism as a â€Å"universal acid† in Darwin s Dangerous Idea (1995)6. Dennett argued that nothing humanity was aware of subjectively could really escape the revisions that evolution brought to Western cosmology and everyday assumptions, concerning topics as seemingly disparate as the history of computing development7 and the mechanics of social gossip8. For Dennett, it was vital for a enlightened liberal society to actively understand this and appreciateShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Scientific Revolutions1501 Words   |  7 Pagesincorrect when he presented his theory that no paradigm is better than any other paradigm and how he believed that people who occupy different paradigms are in different universes, in his book The Structure of Scie ntific Revolutions. I believe that there is no valid deductive or inductive support for incommensurability, there are examples against it throughout the history of science that do not exhibit the discontinuity and replacement of paradigms, as Kuhn’s incommensurability thesis predicts, butRead MoreEvaluating Kuhn ´s Theory of Scientific Development Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pageson the history and philosophy of science. One of such is the Kuhn theory of science development postulated by Thomas Kuhn. His theory brought about a new perspective where scientific theories are placed in an umbrella of a grand theory called the paradigm. Thomas Kuhn who was born in 1922 in Cincinnati, studied physics at Harvard, graduating summa cum laude in 1943, applied his knowledge of quantum physics to humanities of science developing the Kuhn theory of science development (Bird, 2012). AlthoughRead MoreWhy Is Natural Science?1602 Words   |  7 Pagesmore than others - both on a personal l evel and more widely as a society or community. The titular statement insinuates that knowledge is endowed with value when it is produced with difficulty. However, there is a lot of ambiguity regarding both the concept of difficulty and value of knowledge. Possible stances with regard to the statement will be greatly influenced by the way difficulty and value is defined. As an initial starting point, difficulty will be defined and measured in terms of effort expendedRead MorePsychological Paradigm Shift : The Beauty Of The Old And Need For The New898 Words   |  4 PagesPsychological Paradigm Shift: The Beauty of the Old and Need for the New I had the pleasure of reading an article titled, Psychological Paradigm Shift: The Beauty of the Old and Need for the New. This article is framed around Jungian theory, in fact what comes to mind for me is individuation. I say that, because in this article the therapist is tasked with aiding the patient with bringing a conscious reality to a psychological reality that is unique to the patient. This paper will give a briefRead MoreQuestions On Learning And Leadership Theories1636 Words   |  7 Pagescaused paradigms in leadership theories (Badshah, 2012). The relationships involving the interactions between leaders and followers has been altered and transformations have occurred. For example, through the phenomena of leadership there has been changes from the viewpoint of leadership centric approach in the past to were followers today having added power, authority, and influence over their superiors (Kellerman, 2008). Additionally, leadership, in general, has had a paradigm shift which haveRead MoreThe Structure Of Scientific Revolutions By Thomas Kuhn1654 Words   |  7 PagesRevolutions† Thomas Kuhn argues that normal science inevitably runs into a crisis. Why is it necessarily the case? Is there a way to avoid scientific crises? In Thomas Kuhn’s paradigm cycle, normal science inevitably leads to an anomaly, which eventually leads into a crisis. If the current existing theory in the paradigm fails to solve the puzzles of normal science, it will eventually call for a new theory to take its place. Kuhn further expresses that, although, normal science holds the objectiveRead MoreThe Progression Of Truths Within A Taxonomy1280 Words   |  6 Pagesits way towards those greater truths through revolutions. For the purpose of this essay a scientific revolution is as Kuhn describes the shift from one accepted paradigm to a new one where a paradigm is considered a distinct set of concepts and theories. Science seeks to discover and explain the objective realities of our world and universe through these concepts and theories. Throughout history theories have been proposed, accepted, and replaced. This is the one constant of science in the long run;Read MoreThe issue of security has long been the preoccupation of international relations. It has been800 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of security has long been the preoccupation of international relations. It has been argued that there is no common concept of security and disagreement in the normative and methodological approach. In the simplest form, the core of security is survival, and consequently a lack of threat. In terms of international relations, the state has been the main referent object of security. Arnold Wolfers proposed the definition of security as the (security), in an objective sense, measures theRead MoreTheory Analysis And Skill Training852 Words   |  4 Pages Briefly explain the concept of paradigm. A paradigm is defined as the fundamental way in which we think and define reality. It may include values and beliefs that influence our decisions on what is real and what is not. It is how we know the things we know. It is our own awareness of ourselves as observers and knowers and may relate to how we think and act in certain situations. It is also how we process what is real and how we present our knowings to others. In a paradigm no right or wrong answersRead MoreA New Paradigm For Power Generation And Transmission1406 Words   |  6 PagesMicroGrids: A New Paradigm for Power Generation and Transmission Motivations behind the emerging concept of the MicroGrid The emerging concept of MicroGrids or SmartGrids is aimed at changing the paradigm of the conventional power system in order to meet various challenges facing modern day society. To understand why the shift in paradigm is necessary, it is important to have a firm knowledge of the layout of conventional power systems as well as the energy challenges facing our society. A high

Nacirema Case Paper Free Essays

The Nacirema case study reminds us how cultural rituals were many years ago and how some of them are still existing today. The Nacirema tribe has many unconventional practices of how they live day to day. From the article â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema,† it is clear that they believe their bodies are not attractive and should not be presented in a promiscuous way. We will write a custom essay sample on Nacirema Case Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Professor Linton documented the North American Tribe who think their bodies as naturally disgusting. They perform daily magic rituals to their bodies to prevent it from being decayed or diseased in anyway. Some of the rituals use potions, charms and physical suffering. One ritual they focused on was the one that was concerning the mouth. The Nacirema tribe believed that there is a strong relationship between their mouth and their social life. If they did not perform the oral rituals, it was correlated to them losing their friends and families. They perform a daily â€Å"mouth-rite† which is done by â€Å"inserting a magic bundle of hog hairs into the mouth, along with certain magical powder, and then moving the bundle in a highly formalized series of gestures. † (Allard 20) This body ritual is performed daily by everyone in the Nacirema Tribe. If I was to relate this ritual to something similar in the American culture, I would relate to people brushing their teeth every morning. The bundle of hog hairs (pretty disgusting to put in your mouth) is the same as the American toothbrush. The magic powder is similar to the toothpaste and the action of moving it in a series of formalized gestures is the same as us moving our toothbrush around our mouth to brush our teeth (I’m pretty sure everyone has a routine of how they brush their teeth every morning – I know I do). Along with that, the people also visit the â€Å"mouth-men† voluntarily once or maybe twice a year for torturous mouth rituals. The â€Å"holy-mouth-man† enhances any existing holes in the person’s teeth by using crude tools and then continues to fill the holes with â€Å"magical materials. † These magical materials that are placed into the holes of the teeth are used to stop their teeth from decaying and to draw friends closer. What surprised me is that even if these people did not have any naturally occurring holes in their teeth, the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† would gauge out normal teeth to purposely make holes in the client’s mouth. He would then follow through to filling them with the â€Å"magic materials. Part of this ritual is similar to the American culture of visiting the dentist. It is recommended for people to visit the dentist at least once or twice a year. The idea of filling any holes in the teeth seems like they are talking about people having cavities in the teeth. In the American culture, dentists use ‘fillers’ which is similar to the â€Å"magic al material† used to fix the holes in the teeth. I am surprised that the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† would proceed to make a hole in a client’s teeth even if they are perfectly fine. I find that appalling and not similar to the American culture. I also find it to be strange that these people still visit the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† even though their teeth are not getting any better. They still continue to go through the suffering just to be accepted in the Nacirema Tribe. After reviewing the article by Horace Miner, it is apparent that people of the Nacirema Tribe seem to have a reason for everything they do regardless of whether it is right or wrong or makes sense or not. Some of those reasons make sense but the main one that concerns me is why they inflict pain and harm on one another in these forms of rituals when physical torture is not even required for them. A prime example would be the one I discussed earlier of making holes in teeth when their teeth are perfectly fine. There is no need to purposely cause pain to the client to make a hole in their teeth when it is not necessary. This kind of behavior is related to people who are associated with masochism and sadism. Masochism is derived from inflicting pain on one self and sadism is derived from inflicting pain on others. The people are going to the â€Å"mouth-men† to inflict pain on themselves even if they do not need to. What is interesting is that Nacirema is actually American spelled backwards. It brings attention to whether these types of rituals are all make-believe or fantasy with the terms used such as â€Å"magic. † These rituals would not be accepted in the American culture (in the horrendous way it is described) but it relates to diversity and the acceptance of everyone’s culture regardless of whether you will follow it or not per say. This article is a great example of people during barbaric things which might not be acceptable to one person but is the norm to another. How to cite Nacirema Case Paper, Papers

Computer3 Essay Example For Students

Computer3 Essay Since the first computer was made in the late fifties, the technology has developed extremely. Computers which took the place of a living-room then, are now being made in creditcard-formats. More and more areas are being taken over by the computer. As computers are capable of handling large amounts of data in a very short time, they are well suited for wordprocessing. I guess that it wont be long till all the paper-archives are replaced by magnetic tapes and diskettes. A diskette can contain much more data than a written page, and it takes less place It is possible to get the Norwegian telephone book on just one diskette. In near future, a new area will be taken over by computers, namely maps. Different routes are stored on one single compact-disk. Imagine, simply insert the CD into the CD-driver in your car, and tell the computer where to go. The rest will be done automatically. This will be a safer, faster, and more comfortable way to travel. Another new area, called virtual reality is currently being tested. This is a way to simulate reality on a monitor. In order to feel this so-called reality you have to wear special electronic glasses and an electronic suit. Fastened to the suit are sensors, which send information to the main computer. This computer works with the data and displays them on the electronic spectacles. This is a technique which use three-dimentional views, therefore the scenery seems incredibly realistic. If you want to be a boxer, simply change the scenery on the main computer, and you are in the ring. Today, many kids have got video games. You could say these games are the presents answer to ludo and monopoly. In a way, it is a great advantage that the kids are being presented to computors at an early age, because they will definitely have to use them later, when they start to work. In the future there will be few occupations which wont use computors, one way or another. But the videogames are often being presented as something negative, which hinder the kids from doing homework and other more useful activities. This partially true, if they do much of it. But generally, I think the young peoples contact with computers is positive. In Norway today, it is getting more common to have a computer at home. You can use a personal computer to keep household-budgets or other economics. It is also possible to get in touch with your bank and transwer money while youre in your sitting-room. It is possible to contact other databases and gather information from them. The use of computers has lead to other criminal actions. Hacking is one of them. A hacker steals and manipulates information from other databases. These crimes can be very harmful. In The USA, hackers have managed to break into NASAs database. The computer-programmes, the software, are extremely high priced, sometimes they are even more expensive than the hardware. Therefore it is not unusual to make copies of these programmes. This is strictly illegal, but nobody seems to care, because it is difficult to control it. Software producers loose BILLIONS of dollars each year because of this. Many methods have been invented to prevent this, but since the hackers often are more intelligent than those who make the software, I doubt that there will ever be a successfull way to hinder this. Words/ Pages : 559 / 24