The Concept Of A Paradigm Shift - 1640 Words

Micheal Shermer similarly outlined the emphasis Neo-Darwinism placed on constant reiteration of the importance of Darwin s â€Å"idea†, defined as a singular, revolutionary entity within the history of science that was first exclusively formed in 1837 and confirmed by others1 in the vein of Thomas S. Kuhn2 (as opposed to the very gradual process of disciplinary development in evolutionary science described in nuance by Ruse, albeit with the same revolutionary interpretation present3). Coyne likewise provides a good summary of the enduring Neo-Darwinian position at present on Origins as â€Å"the book that started it all† in creating a more materialistic view of biology and the wider universe4. This idea of a paradigm-shift has been reiterated implicitly over time amongst others such as Shermer5. Most of the later Neo-Darwinian works making this point owe a heavy debt in terms of codifying their historical perspective to Daniel Dennett. Dennett explored the idea of positive Darwinian progress philosophically, famously describing Darwinism as a â€Å"universal acid† in Darwin s Dangerous Idea (1995)6. Dennett argued that nothing humanity was aware of subjectively could really escape the revisions that evolution brought to Western cosmology and everyday assumptions, concerning topics as seemingly disparate as the history of computing development7 and the mechanics of social gossip8. For Dennett, it was vital for a enlightened liberal society to actively understand this and appreciateShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Scientific Revolutions1501 Words   |  7 Pagesincorrect when he presented his theory that no paradigm is better than any other paradigm and how he believed that people who occupy different paradigms are in different universes, in his book The Structure of Scie ntific Revolutions. I believe that there is no valid deductive or inductive support for incommensurability, there are examples against it throughout the history of science that do not exhibit the discontinuity and replacement of paradigms, as Kuhn’s incommensurability thesis predicts, butRead MoreEvaluating Kuhn ´s Theory of Scientific Development Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pageson the history and philosophy of science. One of such is the Kuhn theory of science development postulated by Thomas Kuhn. His theory brought about a new perspective where scientific theories are placed in an umbrella of a grand theory called the paradigm. Thomas Kuhn who was born in 1922 in Cincinnati, studied physics at Harvard, graduating summa cum laude in 1943, applied his knowledge of quantum physics to humanities of science developing the Kuhn theory of science development (Bird, 2012). AlthoughRead MoreWhy Is Natural Science?1602 Words   |  7 Pagesmore than others - both on a personal l evel and more widely as a society or community. The titular statement insinuates that knowledge is endowed with value when it is produced with difficulty. However, there is a lot of ambiguity regarding both the concept of difficulty and value of knowledge. Possible stances with regard to the statement will be greatly influenced by the way difficulty and value is defined. As an initial starting point, difficulty will be defined and measured in terms of effort expendedRead MorePsychological Paradigm Shift : The Beauty Of The Old And Need For The New898 Words   |  4 PagesPsychological Paradigm Shift: The Beauty of the Old and Need for the New I had the pleasure of reading an article titled, Psychological Paradigm Shift: The Beauty of the Old and Need for the New. This article is framed around Jungian theory, in fact what comes to mind for me is individuation. I say that, because in this article the therapist is tasked with aiding the patient with bringing a conscious reality to a psychological reality that is unique to the patient. This paper will give a briefRead MoreQuestions On Learning And Leadership Theories1636 Words   |  7 Pagescaused paradigms in leadership theories (Badshah, 2012). The relationships involving the interactions between leaders and followers has been altered and transformations have occurred. For example, through the phenomena of leadership there has been changes from the viewpoint of leadership centric approach in the past to were followers today having added power, authority, and influence over their superiors (Kellerman, 2008). Additionally, leadership, in general, has had a paradigm shift which haveRead MoreThe Structure Of Scientific Revolutions By Thomas Kuhn1654 Words   |  7 PagesRevolutions† Thomas Kuhn argues that normal science inevitably runs into a crisis. Why is it necessarily the case? Is there a way to avoid scientific crises? In Thomas Kuhn’s paradigm cycle, normal science inevitably leads to an anomaly, which eventually leads into a crisis. If the current existing theory in the paradigm fails to solve the puzzles of normal science, it will eventually call for a new theory to take its place. Kuhn further expresses that, although, normal science holds the objectiveRead MoreThe Progression Of Truths Within A Taxonomy1280 Words   |  6 Pagesits way towards those greater truths through revolutions. For the purpose of this essay a scientific revolution is as Kuhn describes the shift from one accepted paradigm to a new one where a paradigm is considered a distinct set of concepts and theories. Science seeks to discover and explain the objective realities of our world and universe through these concepts and theories. Throughout history theories have been proposed, accepted, and replaced. This is the one constant of science in the long run;Read MoreThe issue of security has long been the preoccupation of international relations. It has been800 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of security has long been the preoccupation of international relations. It has been argued that there is no common concept of security and disagreement in the normative and methodological approach. In the simplest form, the core of security is survival, and consequently a lack of threat. In terms of international relations, the state has been the main referent object of security. Arnold Wolfers proposed the definition of security as the (security), in an objective sense, measures theRead MoreTheory Analysis And Skill Training852 Words   |  4 Pages Briefly explain the concept of paradigm. A paradigm is defined as the fundamental way in which we think and define reality. It may include values and beliefs that influence our decisions on what is real and what is not. It is how we know the things we know. It is our own awareness of ourselves as observers and knowers and may relate to how we think and act in certain situations. It is also how we process what is real and how we present our knowings to others. In a paradigm no right or wrong answersRead MoreA New Paradigm For Power Generation And Transmission1406 Words   |  6 PagesMicroGrids: A New Paradigm for Power Generation and Transmission Motivations behind the emerging concept of the MicroGrid The emerging concept of MicroGrids or SmartGrids is aimed at changing the paradigm of the conventional power system in order to meet various challenges facing modern day society. To understand why the shift in paradigm is necessary, it is important to have a firm knowledge of the layout of conventional power systems as well as the energy challenges facing our society. A high

Nacirema Case Paper Free Essays

The Nacirema case study reminds us how cultural rituals were many years ago and how some of them are still existing today. The Nacirema tribe has many unconventional practices of how they live day to day. From the article â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema,† it is clear that they believe their bodies are not attractive and should not be presented in a promiscuous way. We will write a custom essay sample on Nacirema Case Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Professor Linton documented the North American Tribe who think their bodies as naturally disgusting. They perform daily magic rituals to their bodies to prevent it from being decayed or diseased in anyway. Some of the rituals use potions, charms and physical suffering. One ritual they focused on was the one that was concerning the mouth. The Nacirema tribe believed that there is a strong relationship between their mouth and their social life. If they did not perform the oral rituals, it was correlated to them losing their friends and families. They perform a daily â€Å"mouth-rite† which is done by â€Å"inserting a magic bundle of hog hairs into the mouth, along with certain magical powder, and then moving the bundle in a highly formalized series of gestures. † (Allard 20) This body ritual is performed daily by everyone in the Nacirema Tribe. If I was to relate this ritual to something similar in the American culture, I would relate to people brushing their teeth every morning. The bundle of hog hairs (pretty disgusting to put in your mouth) is the same as the American toothbrush. The magic powder is similar to the toothpaste and the action of moving it in a series of formalized gestures is the same as us moving our toothbrush around our mouth to brush our teeth (I’m pretty sure everyone has a routine of how they brush their teeth every morning – I know I do). Along with that, the people also visit the â€Å"mouth-men† voluntarily once or maybe twice a year for torturous mouth rituals. The â€Å"holy-mouth-man† enhances any existing holes in the person’s teeth by using crude tools and then continues to fill the holes with â€Å"magical materials. † These magical materials that are placed into the holes of the teeth are used to stop their teeth from decaying and to draw friends closer. What surprised me is that even if these people did not have any naturally occurring holes in their teeth, the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† would gauge out normal teeth to purposely make holes in the client’s mouth. He would then follow through to filling them with the â€Å"magic materials. Part of this ritual is similar to the American culture of visiting the dentist. It is recommended for people to visit the dentist at least once or twice a year. The idea of filling any holes in the teeth seems like they are talking about people having cavities in the teeth. In the American culture, dentists use ‘fillers’ which is similar to the â€Å"magic al material† used to fix the holes in the teeth. I am surprised that the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† would proceed to make a hole in a client’s teeth even if they are perfectly fine. I find that appalling and not similar to the American culture. I also find it to be strange that these people still visit the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† even though their teeth are not getting any better. They still continue to go through the suffering just to be accepted in the Nacirema Tribe. After reviewing the article by Horace Miner, it is apparent that people of the Nacirema Tribe seem to have a reason for everything they do regardless of whether it is right or wrong or makes sense or not. Some of those reasons make sense but the main one that concerns me is why they inflict pain and harm on one another in these forms of rituals when physical torture is not even required for them. A prime example would be the one I discussed earlier of making holes in teeth when their teeth are perfectly fine. There is no need to purposely cause pain to the client to make a hole in their teeth when it is not necessary. This kind of behavior is related to people who are associated with masochism and sadism. Masochism is derived from inflicting pain on one self and sadism is derived from inflicting pain on others. The people are going to the â€Å"mouth-men† to inflict pain on themselves even if they do not need to. What is interesting is that Nacirema is actually American spelled backwards. It brings attention to whether these types of rituals are all make-believe or fantasy with the terms used such as â€Å"magic. † These rituals would not be accepted in the American culture (in the horrendous way it is described) but it relates to diversity and the acceptance of everyone’s culture regardless of whether you will follow it or not per say. This article is a great example of people during barbaric things which might not be acceptable to one person but is the norm to another. How to cite Nacirema Case Paper, Papers

Computer3 Essay Example For Students

Computer3 Essay Since the first computer was made in the late fifties, the technology has developed extremely. Computers which took the place of a living-room then, are now being made in creditcard-formats. More and more areas are being taken over by the computer. As computers are capable of handling large amounts of data in a very short time, they are well suited for wordprocessing. I guess that it wont be long till all the paper-archives are replaced by magnetic tapes and diskettes. A diskette can contain much more data than a written page, and it takes less place It is possible to get the Norwegian telephone book on just one diskette. In near future, a new area will be taken over by computers, namely maps. Different routes are stored on one single compact-disk. Imagine, simply insert the CD into the CD-driver in your car, and tell the computer where to go. The rest will be done automatically. This will be a safer, faster, and more comfortable way to travel. Another new area, called virtual reality is currently being tested. This is a way to simulate reality on a monitor. In order to feel this so-called reality you have to wear special electronic glasses and an electronic suit. Fastened to the suit are sensors, which send information to the main computer. This computer works with the data and displays them on the electronic spectacles. This is a technique which use three-dimentional views, therefore the scenery seems incredibly realistic. If you want to be a boxer, simply change the scenery on the main computer, and you are in the ring. Today, many kids have got video games. You could say these games are the presents answer to ludo and monopoly. In a way, it is a great advantage that the kids are being presented to computors at an early age, because they will definitely have to use them later, when they start to work. In the future there will be few occupations which wont use computors, one way or another. But the videogames are often being presented as something negative, which hinder the kids from doing homework and other more useful activities. This partially true, if they do much of it. But generally, I think the young peoples contact with computers is positive. In Norway today, it is getting more common to have a computer at home. You can use a personal computer to keep household-budgets or other economics. It is also possible to get in touch with your bank and transwer money while youre in your sitting-room. It is possible to contact other databases and gather information from them. The use of computers has lead to other criminal actions. Hacking is one of them. A hacker steals and manipulates information from other databases. These crimes can be very harmful. In The USA, hackers have managed to break into NASAs database. The computer-programmes, the software, are extremely high priced, sometimes they are even more expensive than the hardware. Therefore it is not unusual to make copies of these programmes. This is strictly illegal, but nobody seems to care, because it is difficult to control it. Software producers loose BILLIONS of dollars each year because of this. Many methods have been invented to prevent this, but since the hackers often are more intelligent than those who make the software, I doubt that there will ever be a successfull way to hinder this. Words/ Pages : 559 / 24

Smarter Metrics Measuring Engagement Beyond the Click

By:Colleen Ryan, Account Manager Let’s face it: we can no longer judge our content based on the number of page views alone. While page traffic plays a role in our understanding of which topics are getting attention, it tells us nothing about the impact of content or its quality. This is where engaged time comes in. It tells you if people are actually engaging with your content and not simply clicking on well written headlines only to leave the page after a few seconds. Basically, a low engaged time means that visitors don’t find your content interesting or relevant and will be less likely to return for more which, in the end, doesn’t provide you any value. Engaged Time or Time on Page? Unlike the time spent on a page, which measures how long users keep pages open, engaged time is more revealing. It measures how much time people are actively paying attention to your content. Measuring engaged time will help you determine whether your visitors are viewing the page in an active window, scrolling through the content, clicking on links or are simply leaving pages open in the background of a browser tab. Basically, it highlights the content your audience connects with best, which is essential in retaining your content strategy so that visitors keep coming back for more. The Benefits of Measuring Engaged Time One study has shown that visitors who read an article for at least three minutes returned to the website twice as often as those who read for one minute. Further studies revealed that higher engaged time resulted in better brand recall. So, if you improve engaged time metrics, you’ll have a better chance at boosting your brand recall, recognition and loyalty. How to Measure Engaged Time There are many ways to measure engaged time with Google Analytics. Scroll Depth, for example, allows you to set events to trigger when a user scrolls past a certain point on the page. Though you may have to install a simple plugin, any business with web pages to analyze can access this data. Adobe Analytics has a similar plugin. Some businesses insert thumbs up or thumbs down buttons at the end of content. When they’re clicked, it triggers an event in the Google Analytics dashboard. It’s basic, but it can help you understand how users view your content. There are numerous players in the space including web analytics company Chartbeat, which focuses on engagement time down to second-by-second site visitor activity. Marrying engagement time with heat-mapping, using a tool like CrazyEgg (Google offers In-Page Analytics for example), provide additional insights into highly trafficked areas on your pages and dead zones. What to do with the Data To make the most of engaged time data, you need to remember that every piece of content is different. For news articles, 60 seconds might be a decent engagement time. For longer-form content, you might want to aim for a few minutes. With landing pages, 15 seconds might be good enough, especially if you succeed in making visitors take further action. Also, never assume anything without diving into the data and reviewing in light of the visible content itself. In other words, you need to determine if dead zones are truly ‘dead’ or if there is simply nothing there for the user to interact with. And as with everything, test before making assumptions that are not data driven themselves. If an article’s average engaged time seems low, ask yourself the following: Is the content in step with the promise of the title? Can the format of the article be improved? Does the tone of the article resonate with your target audience? Is your content simply not reaching the right audience? Can you improve on the detail of the content? Will images, videos or statistics make the article more accessible and interesting? On the other hand, if the engaged time is high and is contributing to KPI growth, you could consider driving incremental traffic to that particular web page Ensuring your Content Helps You Reach Your Marketing Goals You can look at engaged time as a measure of audience appreciation for your content and it can help you identify the types of content you should be creating and promoting. According to Eloqua, only around 37 percent of marketers track how much time users spend on their content ‘beyond the click’. Clearly, there is a huge opportunity for publishers to take charge of their content strategy and deliver content that is more in line with what their audiences want to spend time reading.

Life as a Slave essays

Life as a Slave essays Chained helplessly to hundreds of strangers, I was doomed for a life of slavery. My people and me were shackled together and branded like a herd of cattle. The pain that I felt when the red, hot iron singed my bare skin was excruciating. But, the emotional pain that I experienced was even worse. I would never wish this on anyone, not even my worst enemy. The white men from the New World jerked me up out of my home, ripped me away from my family and friends and threw me into the dark, dirty dungeons of the ship. I searched hopelessly for any trace of my family, but my search was in vain. They were nowhere to be found. While sitting in the rickety, wretched gallows of the ship, I began to recall the tales that I had heard, while in Africa, of these white men and their cruelty. When I first heard these tales, they seemed non-fictional. However, now they had become a gruesome reality. After a few days had passed, my friends and I found ourselves in the fields near a small straw house. The day began like any other day, but ended in a dreadful and horrifying way. While running through the fields, I heard a rustling in the bushes. Reluctantly, I crept to the bushes to find the source of the noise. Without warning a group of white men sprung from behind the bushes and pounced on us. Hastily and uncaringly, they chained us together and led us to three enormous ships near the beach. Before I realized what was happening, I had been separated from the only people I had known. From that point on, anyone who glanced my way could recognize the fear in my eyes immediately and see that I would rather be dead. That leads me back to the gallows of this ship where I remain imprisoned, squeezed into the diminutive darkness with other prisoners like sardines. Rowing relentlessly, we are already fulfilling our fate of becoming a slave. Reaching our destination, one that could be far worse that what we had already experi ...

20 Ways to Laugh

20 Ways to Laugh 20 Ways to Laugh 20 Ways to Laugh By Mark Nichol Go ahead and try this (if you’re alone, that is): Explore all the varieties of laughter you can produce, and label each one. There’s an often-distinct word or phrase for each type. Here are twenty ways to laugh, and some related expressions. 1. (Be) in stitches: to laugh 2. Belly-laugh: to laugh in a deep, hearty manner, as if from the abdomen or in such a way that one’s abdomen moves from the exertion 3. Break up: to laugh as if helplessly 4. Cachinnate: to laugh loudly and/or obnoxiously 5. Cackle: to laugh harshly or sharply 6. Chortle: to chuckle or to otherwise laugh to express satisfaction or triumph 7. Chuckle: to laugh mildly and/or quietly 8. Crack up: see â€Å"break up† 9. Crow: to laugh derisively or gloatingly 10. Giggle: to laugh with short, repetitive sounds 11. Guffaw: to laugh boisterously and/or loudly 12. Hee-haw: a synonym for guffaw 13. Horselaugh: To laugh in a way suggestive of or in imitation of a horse’s neighing or whinnying 14. Jeer: to laugh disrespectfully or mockingly 15. Scoff: to laugh derisively or dismissively 16. Snicker: to partially suppress a laugh, as if to conceal one’s mirth 17. Snigger: an alteration of snicker, with the additional connotation of mischief 18. Split (one’s) sides: to laugh convulsively, as if continuing to do so will cause one’s body to rupture 19. Titter: to laugh in an affected manner, or nervously; also a synonym of snicker and snigger 20. Twitter: a synonym of giggle or titter, but also means to chatter or to tremble as if agitated One can howl, roar, scream, shriek, snort, or whoop with laughter. One can also be said to burst (or bust) out laughing, to convulse with laughter, to die laughing, and to be helpless with laughter, as well as to roll in the aisles (as if unable to keep from falling into the aisle while seated at a humorous performance). Other idioms include â€Å"laugh your head off† and â€Å"laugh yourself silly.† Can you think of any more words or idioms? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Ã¢â‚¬Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

Oedipus and his destiny Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oedipus and his destiny - Essay Example Throughout the conclusion section of the tragedy, it is clear that if not cautious, perceptions on fate can determine what actions we partake into to direct us to our destiny. Oedipus seems to have lost his track of events that brought him happiness and laments that his inability to discern where good things are makes him miserable. Belief in fate as foretold by a prophet that he’d kill his father and commit incest with his mother appear to be grave concerns on his fate-dependent destiny. In several instances, Oedipus recedes into self blame where he almost rushes to label himself worthless following all the predicaments that he has faced â€Å"†¦now Ive exposed my guilt, horrendous guilt†¦, â€Å"(Sophocles, Oedipus the King, Line 1517). It becomes difficult for him to once again understand why all the anguish and agony have to fall on his path of existence. Despite the fact that has been through many difficult moments, Oedipus is particularly having trouble to come to terms with the death of his wife (who also happens to be his mother). From the beginning of the excerpt, it appears that something else was troubling the restless man wh en he enters into the scene. Apparently, his wife was also having some seriously tormenting moments of her life before she opts for the noose as a way to find relieve from her adversaries. The emphasis of her bitter gesticulations near her matrimonial bed must have a direct connection with the actions of Oedipus, who is also disturbed. It gets clearer that Oedipus must have contributed to the trouble of the dead woman when he admits that that it won’t happen again that she could continue facing the hard life that he subjected her to. In Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Line1406), Oedipus laments and discloses his part in the tragic death of his wife by saying â€Å"youll see no more the pain I suffered, all the pain I caused!† His destiny in the unfamiliar path of

Answers the question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Answers the question - Coursework Example All but Kelvin follows him) (Minutes later) (Kelvin opens his car and as he ignites his car, a brown slender woman comes towards him and he stops the engine for a moment) LADY: Hello Kelvin? Do you mind giving me a ride to town? (Kelvin perplexed this beautiful woman knows his name but still happy that he may have got a woman to move around with since he loved having sex with many women) Kelvin. No! No! No! Not at all, I...I will be honoured to give such a pretty lady like u a ride (He opens his car door and goes ahead to hug the woman as he opens for her the passenger’s seat). Lady: My name is Risper from the school of medicine Kelvin: what a lovely name! Am Kelvin from faculty of arts and I live with my parents in Beverly Hills, My father is a branch director of one of the leading technology firms in Silicon valley and my mother is the medical superintendent in the district hospital. Lady: (impressed by what Kelvin had told her) I come from California and I stay in the colle ge’s halls of residence (she pauses a little and looks at Kelvin). Kelvin, can I trust you to keep a secret? Kelvin: (with a heavy American accent) Of course you can dear, am all ears. Lady: I am actually not a student at the college, I run away from home a year ago when I felt I could not handle the pressure from my parents. They always insisted that I should join college to study medicine despite my efforts to convince them I did not like that idea and I was more comfortable being an artist Kelvin: did they really have to do that? Look at what they have done, caused pain and suffering to such an innocent beautiful woman as you (He pulls the car by the roadside) tell me more Lady: I have been living with my cousin in her room for the past one year and she is the one who has been feeding me, I... i... (She starts crying and Kelvin moves closer to her and allows her to lean on his bosom) I have nowhere to go and I cannot go back home now. (Torn on what to do, Kelvin decides to take her to his friend’s house who was a devout Christian and who had been trying to bring Kelvin to church) The character cannot not be said to have strong moral and sexual standards as he loved having sex with different women especially those from college, he would lure them with money and promise of a flashy lifestyle for them to give in to his advances. He was driven by his desire to become a businessperson who was respected all over the country and it was the main reason he came to college, however, the reluctance of his parents to introduce him to the prominent people as he would have wanted always frustrated him. His extroverted nature and his intelligent mind always made him a leader among his peers and endeared him to many of his age mates Kelvin was born in Beverly Hills’ in California by James Studd and wife Sylvia Clinton and was brought up in the same neighbourhood. As a child, he was nicknamed ‘Bullfighter’ as he was a bully in school and he loved teasing other pupils who seemed weaker than he did. As he was growing up, he was adored and loved by his parents as he was the only son and the lastborn in the family, and although his parents loved him, he spent very little time with them and he seemed to be more amused by his play station than his family. Efforts by his parents to create a strong relationship with him bore no

Creationism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Creationism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Essay The significant role of schools in teaching the population of students is one way to make sure that the society will have a bright future. However, in the cases wherein inappropriate teaching methods are used, this dream may be compromised. A very clear example is the teaching of creationism. Creationism is a perspective that identifies a certain supreme being to be the main perpetrator of the existence of the universe, including humanity (Ruse, 2007). There is an identifiable group of people who primarily believes in this notion. And because of that sectarian acceptance, there was a time when schools became a subject of intention in propagating this idea. In a much greater sense, creationism should never be taught in schools primarily because of the compromising effects it will bring towards the molding of the students. The topic is very much centered towards the philosophy of a person and do not provide any significant learning attribute. This is in direct contrast to the mission of the school to provide only the type of learning methods based on exact, credible and scientifically formulated aspects of knowledge. Creationism tends to be of religious in nature. It always inhibits the natural flow of scientific process to learn the observable and logical way of nature. As a result, it is very possible that students may get confused about their own perception about the universe and everything about it. They may leave the pre-conditions of scientific knowledge in favor of an easier to understand notion of creationism. Moreover, there may be cases in which some students may feel deprived of their rights to believe what they want to according to their respective philosophies in life. Creationism is a biased form of belief which only bases its ideology to a personal intuition. References Ruse, M. 2007. Creationism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved January 14, 2008 from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/creationism/.

Essay --

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction This chapter presents the problem statements, objective of the study, theoretical framework, significant of the study, and scope of the study. According to William J. Stanton, the definition if advertisement is consist of activities involved in presenting to an audience a non-personal, paid-for message about a product or organization. Advertising is used to communicate with the present and potential customers. Advertisement is a non personal communication because the communication involved in mass media. The advertisement provides information about the firm, product’s qualities, and place of availability of the product. The information should be complete and true. Advertisement is essential for both the sellers and buyers. In the modern age of production, the manager can push the sale of their product increase with great advertisement. Every firm has advertising that need to tough competition in the market and adapt the fast changes with the new technology to gain more custome rs. A good advertisement involves creativity and high imagination that matches the expectation of the customers. According to World Health Organization (WHO) stated that the meaning of health is a state of a complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Health advertisement was done to persuade people to more concern about health and buy product that give benefit on their health. 1.1 Problem statement Health advertisement gives impacts on customer purchasing behavior. The impact of the advertisements is more on television than the print media or radio. The problem is nowadays marketers neglect the important role of health advertisement on buying pattern of cus... ...n they watch the health advertisement. This helps the industry to make the advertisement more attractive and make the customer remember the advertisement. When the advertisement was successfully, the customer would like to buy and try the new product. Then the customer will aware of this product and the sale of the product will increase thus the profit of the company also will increase. Besides that, the customer or community also will alert about their health. The health advertisements evoke awareness of the important of healthy lifestyle. For example advertisement about stop smoking for avoids disease such as heart attract. When all the community has a good condition of health can increase the standard of life. They can focus on their job and the productivity of the worker can be improved. The company can reduce the cost to pay to the employee for the medical fee.

Rizal in Hong Kong

Rizal in Hong Kong 19 November 1891 In the evening Rizal arrived at Hong Kong. 26 November 1891 From Hong Kong Rizal sent to Manuel Camus in Singapore 20 copies of the Fili, 6of the Morga and 4 of the  Noli. He gave Camus 25 percent commission for thebooks sold. 1 December 1891 He asked permission from his parents to join  them in Manila in their sacrifices andat the same time, encouraged them to have a little  endurance. He said: † I havelearned of the exile of four townmates to  Jolo and of the return of my brother toManila.I  have also learned  that mother, Pangoy and  Trining, have beensummoned again by the civil government. I am burning with desire to embraceyou. Patience, a little patience! Courage! † 6 December 1891 Francisco Mercado, Paciano and his brother-in-law, Silvestre Ubaldo,  escapedfrom the Philippines to avoid persecution, and  arrived at Hong Kong to join him. 12 December 1891 In a letter sent to Maria, one of his sisters in the Philip pines, Rizal broached hisplan of establishing a  Filipino colony in North British Borneo. 17 December 1891On this day Governor General Despujol, offering his services and  cooperation forthe common good. He wanted to point to the latter the ills of country in order tohelp cure the wounds of mal-administration. 27 December 1891 An article was published in the La Epoca carrying false news about Rizal’s stay inthe Philippines and his influence among the natives. This article carries noauthor’s name and was believed to have been inspired  by a Dominican  friar. December 1891 Rizal was visited by an Augustinian friar in his house. The friar pulled his ears andwanted to attack him.But Rizal stopped the intruder by twisting  the latter’s hand. 25 January 1892 The duplicate of his diploma in Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery was issued bythe Ministry of Development in Madrid. 30 January 1892 In a letter, Juan Luna  favorably endorsed Rizal’s plan ofà ‚  establishing a Filipinocolony in North Borneo. He wished Rizal luck and success in this project. January 1892 Everyday, after his medical practices in his clinic, he continued writing his thirdnovel. It treated exclusively  about the Tagalog customs, usages,  virtuesanddefects.Meanwhile, his  brother Paciano translated the Noli into Tagalog. 1 February 1892 Rizal paid thirty-five pesos (P35. 00)  to D. Mallunko for the rent on the premisesof A-2 Rednaxela from January 1st to 31st. 6 February 1892 Rizal wrote a letter addressed  to â€Å"My beloved friend† and signed it with  the nameCabisa. 15 February 1892 The Hong Kong Telegraph published the letter  of Rizal  signed Philippines in  whichhe denounced the vandalistic actions of the friar  manager of the Dominicans indestroying the houses of those who refused to pay the  exorbitant rentalsdemanded of them in Calamba. 23 February 1892Rizal wrote a letter to Blumentritt  in which he informed the latte r of  his plan of  emigrating to Borneo where he could establish another Calamba free from theabuses of the friars and the civil guards. 2 March 1892 He visited Victoria  Gaol in Hong Kong. Dr. Lorenzo Pereira Marquez who  was thephysician of the state prison accompanied him. People met:  josemariabasa, balbinomauricioImpression:Hong Kong is a small but very clean  commercial city. Many Portuguese, Hindus,English, Chinese, and Jews live in it. There are also some Filipinos, the majority of  whom being those who had been exiled to the Mariana Islands in 1872.They arepoor, gentle, and  timid. Formerly they were  rich merchants, industrialists,  andfinanciers. Only one is a republican and progressive; very suspicious. They willnot return to Manila; they fear the   phantoms . One is very sick and will die soon. He was a rich financier, not very well educated, but  very rich, who married adissolute woman. It was his fault. Now he is poor, very poor. He left the co untry passing Hong Kong and was welcomed by  Filipino residents,among them, Jose Maria Basa, Balbino  Mauricio, and Manuel Yriarte, the son of  the mayor of Laguna.

Social Impacts and Threats of IT

Over the last 40-50 years the impact IT has had on our lives and our society is astonishing! There are many different impacts associated with this topic, a few of which are Social, Economical, Legal and Ethnical. We rely on IT systems to do the simple things we take for granted in our day-to-day lives such as: media, entertainment (gaming and television), advertising (products and services) etc. IT has developed more than ever over the past decade and although we may not notice how IT has changed, it is constantly altering everything we do in our everyday lives. Many people nowadays take the use of IT for granted. Social Impacts How we spend out extra time Currently in the U.K a staggering 97% of people in the U.K have a PC or a computer of some sort in their homes. However, in this day and age most people use a computer as part of everyday life, whether it is for work or socialising. Nowadays most young people in the U.K spend a large quantity of their time on the computer. It is thought that on average a normal teenager spends around 31 hours a week on the computer alone and a mind-blowing nine of these hours are on social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace etc. Although for many of our Grandparents and even our Parents this was very different! Nowadays young people are constantly being nagged by Grandparents and Parents about spending too much time indoors and not enough outdoors. We are told that we spend far too much of our time inside (playing computer games or watching television) and that we do not spend nearly enough time outside getting the fresh air that our body needs. It is thought that this younger generation seems to have a lot more recreational time than the older, previous generations. It is obvious that people of the older generations did not have nearly as much free time on their hands as we do today. As nearly all of their time was taken up by working, chores and other tasks and duties. However, for us many of these chores have been made easier by various IT solutions throughout the years. Saving time and effort for us today and as a result leaving us much more free time. Effects on local communities Now as a result of internet development, there are 1000’s of new and diversified websites that are available to consumers, offering them a wider and larger selection of goods and services online. Consequently some traditional facilities, such as local clothing shops, continue to lose customers and are subsequently forced to close down as they are no longer needed within the society. Another prime reason for this reoccurring problem is that people are becoming increasingly laid-back and don’t want to have to take a trip into the shops when they can just order everything they need to their doorstep from the comfort of their own homes. As more local shops close down there is less work within this industry and the immediate area. This can have a very negative effect on the local community. Economic Impacts Employment structure and working practices IT has changed the foundation of how people work in many different occupations. Good examples of occupations that have been transformed by the Impact of IT include typists who typed letters on a typewriter and administrators who used to keep paper based records. Now as well as IT transforming the methods of work in many other occupations, new jobs have been created, giving people the chance to develop new skills within the Information Technology industry. In addition to this IT is now an essential part and key skill to many jobs today and is further required 90% of all employers! With Internet access extensively available throughout the world, many people can communicate and work away from their office and in the comfort of their own home as it may suit their lifestyle better. This is now a very popular option for several employees. Sustainability Computers are not all good. There are negative points and various problems related to the invention of the computer. Computers use a high amount of power and electricity and with so many in homes, businesses and even schools; this is becoming a foremost problem and a colossal contribution to energy consumption and other issues relating to this such as climate change! Additionally, people are overjoyed and excited when new and more modern versions of the computer are developed because it means there is a new and better way of doing things that make life that extra bit easier. However, behind the scenes this is not good, it is a huge problem. The question many people in our society today forget to ask ourselves is where does the old computer equipment that we no longer need or use go? As a result of not enough people caring where the disposal of unwanted electrical equipment (not only computers) goes this problem is handed over to the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive 2007). Under the rules and regulations of this organisation, the manufactures of electrical equipment are obligated to provide consumers that purchase a new piece of electrical equipment a method of disposing of the apparatus that their purchase is replacing. Legal Impacts Ownership, copyright and plagiarism When using information or data that is not your own work it is important that you recognize that copyright of the creator. In the United Kingdom the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 gives the authors of written work, music and films rights to control the ways that their material may be used. However because music and films are so easy to download over the internet, many people break this law and use the internet to steal material in copyright. Some people even set up file sharing web services that allow users to share and view copyrighted material, mainly films and music. As well as copyright, plagiarism is an increasing problem and is commonly found within schools. Most school children today view plagiarism as â€Å"changing it into their own words† and don’t really recognise or grasp the concept that is it illegal! Plagiarism is commonly carried out in assignment work submitted by learners in schools, colleges, and even universities. You are allowed to quote other peoples work as long as you recognise the source of information, however you are not allowed (and it is illegal) to pass other peoples work off as your own. Ethnical Impacts Privacy of information Currently with so much personal and private information stored on computers, personal privacy has become a problem. Nowadays almost every small characteristic and proportion of your life is recorded on a computer, including who you call on your mobile phone, what you search for on search engines such as Google, your medical records and even you relatives. Social Networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace, Twitter etc are becoming a major problem when relating to privacy. Millions and millions of people all over the world have an account of some sort on a social networking site, many people put up pictures of themselves and post blogs and wall posts of exactly where they will be and exactly what time they will be there. As a result of this, it could be dangerous as many of these sites are not secured properly. However personal information about living individuals is protected by the Data Protection Act (1998). The Data Protection Act is a law passed in 1998 that requires companies that store personal information about people on their computers, to register with the Data Protection Registrar which obligates them to keep to the eight Data Protection Principles. Unequal Access Although there are numerous different benefits of Internet access, what happens to the people who can’t get high speed access to the internet? Local and national implications In the United Kingdom many people who live in rural or countryside areas are not able to get broadband internet access because of the location in which they live in. Many telephone and cable companies refuse to lay down cables which allow people in the countryside to receive internet access because they believe that the cost of laying down the cables would be a lot higher than that of what the customer have to pay to receive the broadband connection. Another prime contribution to this problem is age, some elderly people may find it difficult to understand and interpret new technology. As many services such as banking and utilities (for example electricity and oil) become progressively more internet-based, many older people might find it hard to access these facilities. They could also be placed at an economic disadvantage as many goods and services are mostly cheaper online than that of their usual ways. For example many oil suppliers offer a discounted rate if people manage their accounts online. It is also good to remember that Internet access in not free and not everyone can afford to pay Internet charges therefore it is putting less economically stabled families at a disadvantage compared to more economically stabled families. Global implications Many people in today’s society that live in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDC’S) may too find it difficult to receive internet access. Today many aspects of development such as economic and educational rely on the internet and computer skills. For some people who do not have access to this they are in danger of being left further behind. Sometimes people call the divide between the people who don’t have easy access to computer technologies and those who do the digital divide. Now as a result of unequal access a number projects have been set up, such as One Laptop per Child to help develop low-cost computing solutions. Abuse of IT The same as many other great things in life, all great things have a drawback and in IT this is no different especially with the internet. There are many different threats and exasperations that all IT users need to be conscious and aware of. Threats Cyber Bullying Around 10 percent of all adolescents’ are victims of internet bullying. This type of bullying can be a scary and worrying problem and in turn can be more serious than conventional bullying. There are many different ways that and methods that can be used, including social networking sites, SMS, e-mails and chartrooms. Many Cyber bullies encourage their friends to join in the bullying and therefore are all bullying the one person collectively as a group. Spam Spam is unwanted e-mail advertising. If you have an e-mail account you will generally receive e-mails that are advertisements most of which are annoying and have the potential to be dangers and harmful to your computer or PC. However e-mail users need to be cautious and aware when opening attachments in e-mails as they could contain viruses. Phishing Phishing is a method, used by criminals, to try and acquire information such as usernames, passwords and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy individual in an electronic communication service. A widely used method that almost all phishing criminals use is they send people an e-mail disguised as if it is coming from their bank. The e-mail usually tells them to then click a link within the e-mail which then directs them to a page that looks like the log-on screen to their online bank account. However, the web page is under complete control of the criminals’ and therefore allows them to determine the victim’s username, password and various other security details. After this the criminals then use this information to gain access to the victim’s bank account and go on to steal money out of it. Denial of service attacks A denial of service attack (DOS attack) or distributed denial of service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users. Although the means to carry out, motives for, and targets of a DoS attack may vary, it generally consists of the determined efforts of a person, or multiple people to prevent an Internet site or service from working efficiently or at all, temporarily or indefinitely. Perpetrators of DoS attacks typically targets sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks and credit card payment gateways.

3 Examples of Bad Letters of Recommendation from Teachers

3 Examples of Bad Letters of Recommendation from Teachers SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips While you may have seen examples of really impressive recommendation letters, what about the really bad ones? What exactly do bad letters look like, and what makes them so subpar? Bad recommendation letters can be hard to put a finger on, because they aren't necessarily critical or disparaging about a student. Instead, they might leave a poor impression because they come off as unenthusiastic, unspecific, or simply too short. The examples below represent letters that would do very little to help a student's college application and, worst case scenario, could even hurt it. By knowing what weakens a letter or leaves a negative impression in the minds of admissions officers, you can make sure your letters don't contain any of these features.First up... The Unenthusiastic Recommendation Dear Admissions Committee, I'm writing to recommend Jamie to your undergraduate program. As a student in my th grade English class, he performed well above average. Jamie is a hard worker and is well liked by his peers and teachers. I've been impressed with him as a student. Jamie has a strength for discussing books, and he participated well in my class. In his group projects, Jamie listened to his peers and was respectful of their input. Along with his three classmates, he earned an A on a group presentation about the various types of conflict inHamlet. Jamie is a conscientious student and rarely missed an assignment. With his strong effort and respectful attitude, Jamie leads by example. Jamie took a variety of courses in high school and was especially interested in psychology and history. He balanced his time well, participating in both the Interact Club, and, in his sophomore and junior year, the track team. No one ever has a bad word to say about Jamie. He's an all around good kid. I'm confident that Jamie will be an asset to whatever college he attends next year. He's a good student, kind friend, and was a pleasure to have in class. He has my recommendation. Please feel free to contact me for any further information at unimpressedteacher@gmail.com. Sincerely, Luke WarmEnglish TeacherHumdrum High This letter has positive things to say about Jamie, so what exactly makes it so bad? The Break Down This letter isfine, but it barely goes above the minimum to recommend Jamie. While Mr. Warm says that Jamie is respectful, conscientious, and a hard worker, he sounds completely unenthusiastic about him. He neither reveals deeper insight into Jamie's character, nor uses excited language to highlight his points. Jamie's English teacher doesn't even qualify that he "highly" recommends him. His mediocre ranking of Jamie as "well above average" further suggests his lack of enthusiasm. Besides the generic language that leaves little impact in the mind of the reader, this letter also contains some questionable phrases. By saying that Jamie "leads by example," his English teacher may be indicating a lack of concrete leadership positions at the school, whether on purpose or not. Furthermore, by focusing on how others perceive Jamie, the teacher removes a lot of his own personal perspective from the letter. Admissions committees want letters from teachers who know a student well and can speak to his good qualities. A letter that seems distant and impersonal is less effective. Even the example the teacher uses, of Jamie getting an A, is less personal because it refers to a group project. It neither highlights Jamie's individual skills, nor provides a very interesting story. This letter provides little insight into Jamie's character or personal qualities. While the teacher says generally positive things, he doesn't sound too impressed with Jamie or like he took the time to write a strong letter. He doesn't have much specific to say about Jamie, so the recommendation letter does little to differentiate him from other applicants. Overall, this letter won't do much to help Jamie's application. Another example of a bad recommendation letter is one that just presents facts and figures. For all intents and purposes, this kind of letter could be written by just about anyone with a copy of the student's resume. This letter's almost all facts and figures. The Resume Repeat Dear Admissions Committee, It is my pleasure to recommend Tabitha, who excelled in my junior year AP Biology class. A hard worker with an interest in the natural world, Tabitha earned an A for the course and received a 5 on her AP Biology exam. Most impressive to me is that she did all this while balancing her responsibilities as Class Treasurer, hospital volunteer, and literacy coach. Tabitha goes above and beyond with her activities and somehow succeeds in all of them. As Class Treasurer, Tabitha organized fundraisers and raised over $2,000 for the junior year prom. She advertised events through the school and worked with students and faculty to organize attendance. Beyond this, she volunteers two days a week at the local hospital, where she spends time with patients and helps visitors navigate their way around. Tabitha doesn't just use her skills with people at the hospital; she also has worked with children for the past two years, helping them build their literacy skills. All this while juggling a full class schedule that included three AP classes. Tabitha excels in and out of the classroom. She won the Tisch Library Award in sophomore year for academic achievement, and her impressive performance in my class earned her the 2014 Biology award. She was one of the top scorers in her class on the PSAT, and she earned a 4 and two 5's on her AP exams so far. Tabitha is a top student whose grades, awards, and involvements speak for themselves. I highly recommend Tabitha for admission to your undergraduate program. She is an active student who will continue to contribute greats things to her college. Her achievement in school is all the more impressive considering her busy schedule and extracurricular and professional involvements. Please feel free to contact me with any questions at resumereader@gmail.com. Sincerely, Reita RationScience TeacherBelabor Boarding School At least Tabitha's letter sounds a little more enthusiastic than Jamie's. But it's still not especially strong. Let's look at exactly what makes it ineffective. The Break Down It sounds like Ms. Ration is impressed with Tabitha's accomplishments. Tabitha seems to be a highly achieving student with impressive grades and extracurricular involvements. However, admissions committees already know about all her grades, awards, and involvements from the rest of her application. This letter repeats a lot of information that the admissions committee already has on file. Plus, by trying to include everything that Tabitha does, it actually says very little. It's all breadth and no depth.A strong letter woulddive deeply into specific skills or qualities, rather than skimming over a lot of different points with a general overview. A recommendation letter should personalize a student and give deeper insight into her intellectual capacity and character. It should be from a teacher who can highlight something specific about a student. Her science teacher may know little about Tabitha's work as a literacy coach. She could speak much more insightfully about Tabitha's skill for scientific inquiry and interest in medicine. This letter also uses no anecdotes or examples to illustrate something meaningful about Tabitha, relying instead on facts and figures. Perhaps the most telling example of where the letter writer went astray is when she says that Tabitha's accomplishments"speak for themselves." In fact, recommendation letters are required because grades and statistics don't fully speak for themselves. Recommenders are supposed to speak about a student in a revealing, meaningful way. They should help distinguish the student from other applicants and talk about her passions and motivations (in other words,why she does what she does). Instead, this letter focuses on what Tabitha does. As a highly achieving student, Tabitha might be applying to a selective school along with lots of qualified applicants. They may share similar grades and accomplishments, so the recommendation letters are especially important for providing something beyond the resume. Unfortunately, this letter doesn't do that. It could be written by almost anyone with a record of Tabitha's school and community involvement. Finally, a recommendation letter that's too short immediately gives a bad impression to admissions officers. They can see right away that a teacher didn't spend much time on it. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. The Short Letter Dear Admissions Committee, It is my pleasure to recommend Ethan for admission to your college. I had Ethan in my th grade math class. He was a strong student, worked well with others, and impressed me with his consistent effort. In addition to taking a challenging course load during junior year, Ethan took part in the Amnesty International Club and contributed to the school newspaper. He wrote a compelling article about the current state of civil rights in America. Ethan has my strong recommendation for college. He's bright, motivated, and has strength of character. I'm sure he will do great things. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me at cantbebothered@gmail.com. Sincerely, Shirley RushedMath TeacherAbrupt Academy Just by looking at it, you can see what makes this recommendation letter so weak. Besides its short length, what else makes it ineffective? Is that it? Is there more on the back...? The Break Down Like the other two examples, this letter doesn't say anything bad about Ethan. But overall, it's lacking. For one thing, it's way too short. A recommendation letter should be a full page in length. Second, the article mentions some of Ethan's strengths - his consistent effort, his newspaper writing, and his apparent interest in issues of human rights. But the short letter doesn't take time to delve into these qualities and paint a fuller picture of Ethan. The teacher mentions a compelling article about civil rights, but doesn't explain what it said or why Ethan was motivated to write it. There are a few points here that could tell the reader a lot more about Ethan if the recommender had described them more fully. As it is, the letter offers little information or insight. As part of Ethan's application, it would be quickly forgettable. Strong recommendation letters take time and thought to craft. Apart from what I already discusses, what other features weaken all three of these recommendation letter examples? What Else is Wrong with These Letters? Another thing that none of these letters do is customize to the college or program the student is applying to. Often, teachers provide one letter for students to upload to their Common Application and send off to all their colleges. While this is fine for the most part, it can strengthen an application if the letter is customized to the specific school, especially if it's a selective school. If a student is applying to an Ivy League school like Harvard, then she should strive to make every aspect of her application as strong as it can possibly be. This includes obtaining recommendation letters that are customized to Harvard and attest to her ability to succeed in such an academically rigorous environment. Again, the letters don't have to be customized, but it's a good idea for them to be if the school is especially competitive. It's more important that they are enthusiastic, use powerful language, and tell meaningful and memorable stories that reveal a student's unique qualities and help differentiate her from other applicants. None of the above letters accomplish this, unfortunately. Whether you're a teacher writing a letter or a student getting one for your college applications, what can you do to avoid having a letter like the ones above? This is a close call. Avoiding a bad recommendation letter doesn't have to be. What Can You Do to Avoid a Bad Letter of Recommendation? If you're writing recommendation letters for your students, make sure your letter isn't weakened by word choice that is lukewarm and could be made stronger unnecessary repetition of data from a student's resume a focus on academic ability without much mention of personal qualities statements not backed up with specific examples generic or cliche phrases. As you revise your letter, be on the lookout for words that could be made stronger or examples that could be made more specific. If you find yourself in need of more information or material, talk to the student about her interests and goals and what qualities she hopes you'll highlight in her letter. Students should share information with their recommenders, as well as let them know what would go into their ideal letter. If you're a student applying to a writing program, let your English teacher know that you'd love her to talk about your writing skills. If you're an aspiring future engineer, ask your physics teacher if she'll speak to your problem solving abilities. This helps your teacher make your letter more specific and effective. As letters take time and effort to do well, students should ask their teachers early - especially ones who get slammed with recommendation requests senior year (English teachers tend to get a ton of requests). Both students and teachers alike need to put serious time and thought into their recommendation letters to get strong ones. These references are a very important part of the college application. The best ones require planning, effort, and communication between students and their recommenders. What's Next? Now that you've read these examples of bad recommendation letters, check out these examples of strong reference letters (coming soon). For more on writing strong recommendation letters (that don't end up sounding unenthusiastic, repetitive, or uninformed), check out this in depth guide. Do counselor recommendation letters differ from teacher recs at all? Read about how school counselors can write strong recommendation letters for the students on their caseload. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Learning Years of Medieval Childhood

The Learning Years of Medieval Childhood The physical manifestations of biological puberty are difficult to ignore, and it is hard to believe that such obvious indications as the onset of menses in girls or the growth of facial hair in boys were not acknowledged as part of a transition into another phase of life. If nothing else, the bodily changes of adolescence made it clear that childhood would soon be over. Medival Adolescence and Adulthood It has been argued that adolescence was not recognized by medieval society as a stage of life separate from adulthood, but this is not at all a certainty. To be sure, teenagers were known to take on some of the work of full-fledged adults. But at the same time, such privileges as inheritance and land ownership were withheld in some cultures until the age of 21. This disparity between rights and responsibilities will be familiar to those who remember a time when the U.S. voting age was 21 and the military draft age was 18. If a child was to leave home before reaching full maturity, the teen years were the most likely time for him to do so. But this did not mean he was on his own. The move from the parents household was almost always into another household, where the adolescent would be under the supervision of an adult who fed and clothed the teenager and to whose discipline the teen was subject. Even as youths left their families behind and took on increasingly more difficult tasks, there was still a social structure to keep them protected and, to some extent, under control. The teen years were also the time to concentrate more intensely on learning in preparation for adulthood. Not all adolescents had schooling options, and serious scholarship could last a lifetime, but in some ways, education was the archetypal experience of adolescence. Schooling Formal education was unusual in the Middle Ages, although by the fifteenth century there were schooling options to prepare a child for his future. Some cities such as London had schools that children of both genders  attended during the day. Here they learned to read and write, a skill that became a prerequisite for acceptance as an apprentice in many Guilds. A small percentage of peasant children managed to attend school in order to learn how to read and write and understand basic math; this usually took place at a monastery. For this education, their parents had to pay the lord a fine and usually promise that the child would not take ecclesiastical orders.  When they grew up, these students would use what theyd learned to keep village or court records, or even to manage the lords estate. Noble girls, and on occasion boys,  were sometimes sent to live in nunneries in order to receive basic schooling. Nuns would teach them to read (and possibly to write) and make sure they knew their prayers. Girls were very likely taught spinning and needlework and other domestic skills to prepare them for marriage. Occasionally such students would become nuns themselves. If a child was to become a serious scholar, his path usually lay in the monastic life, an option that was rarely open to or sought by the average townsman or peasant. Only those boys with the most notable acumen were chosen from these ranks; they were then raised by the monks, where their lives could be peaceful and fulfilling or frustrating and restrictive, depending on the situation and their temperaments. Children at monasteries were most often younger sons of noble families, who were known to give their children to the church in the early Middle Ages. This practice was outlawed by the Church as early as the seventh century (at the Council of Toledo) but was still known to take place on occasion in the centuries that followed. Monasteries and cathedrals eventually began to maintain schools for students who were destined for secular life. For younger students, instruction began with the skills of reading and writing and moved on to the Trivium of the Seven Liberal Arts: grammar, rhetoric, and logic. As they grew older, they studied the Quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. Younger students were subject to the corporal discipline of their instructors, but by the time they entered University, such measures were rare. Advanced schooling was almost exclusively the province of males, but some females were able to acquire an admirable education nonetheless. The story of Heloise, who took private lessons from Peter Abelard, is a memorable exception; and the youth of both genders at the court of twelfth-century Poitou undoubtedly could read well enough to enjoy and debate the new literature of Courtly Love. However, in the later Middle Ages nunneries suffered a drop in literacy,  reducing available options for a quality learning experience. Higher education for females depended largely on individual circumstances. In the twelfth century, cathedral schools evolved into universities. Students and masters banded together into guilds to protect their rights and further their educational opportunities. Embarking on a course of study with a university was a step toward adulthood, but it was a path that began in adolescence. University One might argue that once a student reached university level he could be considered an adult; and, since this is one of the instances in which a young person might be living on his own, there is certainly logic behind the assertion. However, university students were notorious for making merry and making trouble. Both official university restrictions and unofficial social guidelines kept the students in a subordinate position, not only to their teachers but to senior students. In the eyes of society, it would appear that students were not yet completely considered adults. Its also important to remember that, although there were age specifications as well as experience requirements to become a teacher, no age qualifications governed a students entry into a university. It was a young mans ability as a scholar that determined if he was ready to pursue higher education. Therefore, we have no hard-and-fast age group to consider; students were  usually  still teenagers when they entered university, and legally not yet in full possession of their rights. A student beginning his studies was known as a  bajan,  and in many  cases,  he underwent a rite of passage called the jocund advent upon his arrival at university. The nature of this ordeal varied according to place and time, but it usually involved feasting and rituals similar to the hazing of modern fraternities. After a year at  school,  the  bajan  could be purged of his lowly status by expounding a passage and debating it with his fellow students. If he made his argument successfully, he would be washed clean and led through the town on an ass. Possibly due to their monastic origins, students were tonsured (the tops of their heads were shaved) and wore clothing similar to that of the monk: a  cope  and cassock or a closed-over long-sleeved tunic and overtunic. Their diet could be fairly erratic if they were on their own and with limited funds; they had to purchase what was inexpensive from the shops of the city. Early universities had no provisions for housing, and young men had to live with friends or relatives or otherwise fend for themselves. Before long colleges were set up to aid the less affluent students, the first being the College of the Eighteen in Paris.  In return for a small allowance and a bed at the Hospice of the Blessed Mary, students were asked to offer prayers and take turns carrying the cross and holy water before the bodies of deceased patients. Some residents proved to be insolent and even violent, disrupting the studies of serious students and breaking in when they stayed out after hours. Thus, the Hospice began to restrict its hospitality to students who behaved more pleasantly, and it required them to pass weekly examinations to prove their work was meeting expectations.  The residency  was limited to a year, with the possibility of a years renewal at the discretion of the foundationers. Institutions such as the College of the Eighteen evolved into endowed residences for students, among them Merton at Oxford and Peterhouse at Cambridge. In time, these colleges began to acquire manuscripts and scientific instruments for their students and offer regular salaries to teachers in a concerted effort to prepare candidates in their quests for a degree. By the end of the fifteenth century, few students lived outside colleges. Students attended lectures regularly. In the early days of universities, lectures were held in a hired hall, a church, or the masters home, but soon buildings were constructed for the express purpose of teaching. When not at lectures a student would read significant works, write about them, and expound on them to fellow scholars and teachers. All this was in preparation for the day when he would write a thesis and expound on it to the doctors of the university in return for a degree. The subjects studied included theology, law (both canon and common), and medicine. The University of Paris was foremost in theological studies, Bologna was renowned for its law school, and Salernos medical school was unsurpassed. In the 13th and 14th centuries  numerous universities  sprang up throughout Europe and England, and some students were not content to limit their studies to only one school. Earlier scholars such as  John of Salisbury  and  Gerbert of Aurillac  had traveled far and wide to glean their education; now students were following in their footsteps (sometimes literally). Many of these were serious in motive and driven by a thirst for knowledge. Others, known as  Goliards, were more lighthearted in nature- poets seeking adventure and love. All this may present a picture of students thronging the cities and highways of medieval Europe, but in  reality,  scholarly studies at such a level were unusual. By and large, if a teenager were to undergo any form of structured education, it was more likely to be as an apprentice. Apprenticeship With few exceptions, apprenticeship began in the teens and lasted from seven to ten years. Though it wasnt unheard of for sons to be apprenticed to their own fathers, it was fairly uncommon.  Sons of master craftsmen were by Guild law automatically accepted into the Guild; yet many still took the apprenticeship route, with someone other than their fathers, for the experience and training it offered. Apprentices in larger towns and cities were supplied from outlying villages in substantial numbers,  supplementing labor forces that dwindled from diseases such as the plague and other factors of city living. Apprenticeship also took place in village businesses, where a teenager might learn milling or felting cloth. Apprenticeship was not limited to males. While there were fewer girls than boys taken in as apprentices, girls were trained in a wide variety of trades. They were more likely to be trained by the masters wife, who often knew nearly as much about the trade as her husband (and sometimes more). Although such trades as that of seamstress were more common for females, girls were not limited to learning skills they could take into a marriage, and once they married many continued plying their trades. Youngsters rarely had any choice in which craft they would learn, or with what particular master they would work; the destiny of an apprentice was usually determined by the connections his family had. For example, a young man whose father had a haberdasher for a friend might be apprenticed to that haberdasher, or perhaps to another haberdasher in the same guild. The connection might be through a godparent or neighbor instead of a blood relative. Affluent families had more affluent connections, and a wealthy Londoners son was more likely than a country boy to find himself learning the goldsmith trade. Apprenticeships were formally arranged with contracts and sponsors. Guilds required that bonds of surety be posted to guarantee that apprentices fulfilled expectations; if they did not, the sponsor was liable for the fee. In addition, sponsors or the candidates themselves would sometimes pay the master a fee to take on the apprentice. This would help the master cover the expenses of caring for the apprentice over the next several years. The relationship between master and apprentice was as significant as that between parent and offspring. Apprentices lived in their masters house or shop; they usually ate with the masters family, often wore clothes provided by the master, and were subject to the masters discipline. Living in such close proximity, the apprentice could and often did form close emotional bonds with this foster family, and might even marry the bosss daughter. Whether or not they married into the family, apprentices were often remembered in their masters wills. There were also cases of abuse, which might end up in court; though apprentices were usually the victims, at times they took extreme advantage of their benefactors, stealing from them and even engaging in violent confrontations. Apprentices sometimes ran away, and the sponsor would have to pay the master the surety fee to make up for the time, money and effort that had gone into training the runaway. The apprentices were there to learn and the primary purpose the master had taken them into his home was to teach them; so learning all the skills associated with the craft was what occupied most of their time. Some masters might take advantage of the free labor, and assign menial tasks to the young worker and teach him the secrets of the craft only slowly, but this was not all that common. An affluent craftsmaster would have servants to perform the unskilled tasks he needed to be done in the shop; and, the sooner he taught his apprentice the skills of the trade, the sooner his apprentice could help him properly in the business. It was the last hidden mysteries of the trade that might take some time to acquire. Apprenticeship was an extension of the adolescent  years  and could take up almost a quarter of the average medieval lifespan. At the end of his training, the apprentice was ready to go out on his own as a journeyman. Yet he was still likely to remain with his master as an employee. Sources Hanawalt, Barbara,  Growing Up in Medieval London  (Oxford University Press, 1993).Hanawalt, Barbara,  The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England  (Oxford University Press, 1986).Power, Eileen,  Medieval Women  (Cambridge University Press, 1995).Rowling, Marjorie, Life in Medieval Times  (Berkley Publishing Group, 1979).

Entrepreneurial Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Entrepreneurial Finance - Essay Example ing the relevant external and internal elements which are involved in new business startups it answers the questions such as where the organization stands right now, which direction is it going in and how to get there. It acts as a resume for any proposed business and is usually created to explain the vision and entrepreneur has for his business. A business plan is read by investors, employees, bankers, venture capitalists, customers, suppliers and advisors. Every stakeholder has a different perspective and interest in the business and so the content and focus of a business plan depends upon who is going to read it. For a profit organization, a business plan typically focuses on the financial goals such as profits. It comprises of the industry dynamics, company’s vision and mission, the resources required to run the business, the amount of capital needed, the sources of capital, the production and marketing plan and the pro forma financial statements to determine the expected profitability of the company over time. In short, it is a complete document consisting of all the information related to a business. A business plan is valuable not only to an entrepreneur, but to potential investors or even the new personnel who want to familiarize themselves with the venture, its goals and objectives. Following are three major roles of a business plan: The financial assessment of a business is an important activity which must be carried out on a continuous basis. It is done to identify if the business is solvent, that is, if its assets exceeds its debt and thus making the business capable of paying to all its creditors on time. Secondly, it helps entrepreneurs of investors to estimate the equity value of the company at any given point in time. A business is considered a financial success if it meets the following criteria: The financial plan of a business is the section in the business plan which determines if the new business venture is viable or not, or if it would be

People in Jails with Mental Illness Research Paper

People in Jails with Mental Illness - Research Paper Example The methodology for this paper will be dependent upon a processed based approach. According to Lechner, â€Å"Process research deals primarily with the actions that lead to and support strategy†. Through examining how actions lead to strategy, the nature of the research is concerned with the micro level, â€Å"the behavior of individuals, groups, or other actors within the organization†. Process based research is founded on six guiding principles: ï‚Ÿ embeddedness (studying processes across a number levels of analysis) ï‚Ÿ temporal interconnectedness (studying processes in the past present and future) ï‚Ÿ explaining context and action ï‚Ÿ searching for holistic rather than linear explanations ï‚Ÿ linking analysis to the location ï‚Ÿ balancing scientific distance and empirical closeness While not all research will embody all of these aspects, in searching for the truths about the proposed topic, the information will be discussed using these concepts. Research Questions The following questions will be used to frame the topic of research: 1. How many people in the Miami-Dade County Jail are mentally ill? 2. What services are provided in the Miami-Dade County Jail program? 3. What is the police procedure concerning citizens who have broken the law but appear to be suffering from a mental illness? 4. What is the legal criteria to determine if someone is afforded mental illness care within the Miami-Dade County Jail system? Through secondary research, the Miami-Dade County Jail system will be assessed and reviewed in relationship to the research questions. Miami-Dade County Corrections and Rehabilitation Department The most recent statistics, from June 11, 2011, show that there are 6,218 inmates in the Miami-Dade County Corrections and Rehabilitation Department. Of those inmates, 5,743 are male and 475 are female. The largest percentage of the population are between the age of 18 and 34, representing 3,603 of the inmates. Of the inmates, 4,226 are there for felony charges with 4,455 of those inmates are at the partial sentence portion of their process. Miami-Dade County, at least by present statistics, seems to be primarily defined by male inmates who are still waiting for the full measure of their punishment to be sentenced. Mentally Ill Citizens in Prison In 2004, an undertaking was given to the grand jury to determine the state of the jail system in regard to mental illness. The task was taken up by the district attorney’s office to investigate the state of mental illness as it has been experienced within

Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Communication Assignment

Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Communication - Assignment Example Patti’s response is best of all. He starts by defining key terms as given by Ebrahim, Ahmed & Taha, (2008), and their relations. He furthers his explanations by giving detailed accounts of internet communication’s projection in the near future. Advantages and disadvantages are well covered. In stating solutions to the challenges, he quotes (Siebdrat, F., Hoegland, M., & Ernst, H., 2009; Hoch & Kozlowski, 2012). LaTrecia starts by stating the benefits of internet communication, and its transformation to the modes of communication as by Clawson, (2012). However, he notes advantages that are experiencing the case of face-to-face communication as opposed to internet communication with aspects of avoiding possible breakdown of any communication process (Patterson, 2006).   Whitney notes that the concept of internet communication is adopted in business to make operations more effective and efficient (Buttersis, 2010; Cameron & Webster, 2005). He is quite elaborative on the advantages and disadvantages of using internet for communication among co-workers. Face-to-face communication, hence, becomes his solution to the problems associated with and quotes Greenwood (2013) and Patterson (2006) to this respect.

Amistad: Film and Book Comparison

Amistad: Film and Book Comparison Jinchen Zhao After watching the film Amistad and read the book of this story, I feel like they are both valuable to study the history of America in 1840s. Meanwhile, from my point of view, the book is more academical than the movie while the movie can give you a quick idea about what is really going on in the story and you can feel the story more directly than the book. Now, lets compare them in different aspects. What can the student more readily learn from the film as opposed to the book? After watching the movie, the first thing that I feel different from the book is the mood that those actors behaved were really shocking. From the movie, we can directly feel the eager of those black people whom lead by Cinque want to regain their freedom.The time that Cinque yelled out Gives us free make me feel the power of those black people and this cant be shown in the book. Furthermore, the visual appeal it emanates to the audience, and we all can feel the frustration as the Africans when they want to say about themselves but they cannot due to they are unable to speak English, meanwhile, we all can feel the happiness when they finally have their freedom back. That is hardly to feel when we only read the book. Do the different mediums tell the same story or are there sufficient reasons to argue they do not? This question is pretty hard to tell, in my point of view, they are neither telling the EXACT same story nor they are telling the different story. First of all, the book is more academical resource of the story, and the book is telling us the story more in direct ways. For example: There are a lot of examples about the effect to people, city, countries if the Africans are freed. E.g. Van Buren was more thinking about the influence about his re-election if he choose to free those African people.(p.47) The Cuban Planters always considering the number of free black people they would like to give as they do not want the uprising of them and at the same time, they want profit. (p.19) All those examples made the book a perfect resource for research and the book gives us more details about the environment in the society as well as introduced many political jargon. On the other hand, the story line in the movie is almost the same as the book. From the uprising to got caught and finally earne d their freedom in the end. Yet there is some difference. As we all know. The movie Amistad is a typical Hollywood film, in this case, there is inevitable changes to the original story in order to let people pay to watch the movie and be entertained by the film. For example:In the book, Roger Baldwin was interested in free the African people before the Amistad trial and he was trying to help them in a previous court base. Yet in the film, thats not what the person is, the film want to make the character: Roger Baldwin, have a good turn-around and make the story more interesting,Roger Baldwin only begin to fight for the African people at the end of the movie, he was more caring about his career advancing in the beginning.(p.37 and film). Cinque did not kill the captain of Amistad in the book(p.25), instead he let his friends strangle him. This can be reasoned as the Hollywood movie usually want to build a hero in the film and that is Cinque. The most different thing about the film an d the book is the procedure of the trial. Although they reach the same conclusion: The Africans earned their freedom, but in the book, there are long long story that they used many words to convince that the Africans should earned their freedom while in the movie, it is more likely that all people are persuaded by John Quincy Adams in a matter of time.(p.193) Since the film version of this historical event cannot contain the same amount of detail as the book version, do the details omitted from the film essentially presented different account to the extent that the history portrayed is essentially different from that depicted in the book? From my opinion, the details that omitted from the film does not produce a different story. They are more likely to be a additional remarks to each other. Basically, the book and the film shows us the same story, from the beginning of the uprising to get caught again and through the trails then finally get their freedom back, the main story line are pretty the same,yet there is still differences. The people in the book are more accurate to describe what they really are, their personality, the thinking, the attitude is clearly described in the book. On the other hand, as the major goal of a film is to make audience pay and make them entertained, there are some difference in the film. But in general, the film cannot be called a different story. Is one medium more suited to academic study? Does this make one medium superior to the other when it comes to teaching history in university? To this question, I think the answer is: Yes, the book is more suited to academic study. First of all, the book is extremely informative as it is based on the research those who are extremely well-known in the Amistad subject, legal materials and records from archives. All this gives Jones plenty of valuable information to write a accurate book and provide a deep analysis about the whole story around Amistad. The detail provided by the book is extremely valuable and this makes the book a much more suited to academic study than the book because when people read the book, they can know that this is what really happen in the past rather than thinking which part is changed in the film in order to make people like the movie more. Jones remains neutral in the book and he only gives us the facts of the story. He clearly described how Amistad trial affect the people who were fighting for black peoples rights(p.27), he told us the divide between the North and South of America during the elect ion, and the problem between Spain and America. On the other hand,   the film did present the story to us, but to be honest, although the main story line are the same, yet the details are inaccurate. In academic study, you want to teach students the truth about history and let students know the details of the whole trial. It is just not quite well to use the film to teach in academic study due to the inaccurate and lack of details. Do both mediums use the same sources? And What sort of sources do the film and the book rely on? In my point of view, they are using the different sources, as I said earlier, the book is based on the professors research of Amistad project, court records from archives and legal materials etc. It is more detailed and accurate while the film is almost totally based on the book and made some adjustment to entertain audiences more while earn some profit in the film. 6. If you would be given the task of teaching the history of this subject, is using one medium more preferable than the other for teaching a first-year university class? In this case, as we are teaching a first-year university class. To be fair, it is not easy for students to read a 280+ page books in a short time. In this case, I would say I will use the movie as the primary resource to teach first year students to let them have a general idea about the story. At the same time, I will tell them that there is some problem with the film which is inaccurate and lack of details, I might assign homework or assignment to let student have a research on the books about the difference between the real story and the story that presented in the film. Of course, I will provide a small range of page on the book to help students quickly locate the main points. E.g. Pg20-25. Meanwhile, it is good to write a small essay around 300-400 words after finish watching a 2 hour film. The film is a perfect resource to let first-year students know the general idea of the story and at the same time, it wont be too hard to understand. Although I do believe that reading the wh ole book is much more accurate and full of details. To be fair, it is still not good enough to be a teaching material as we cannot spend whole term on a single story. In conclusion, Amistad is a good story to study the past of 1840s in America, the book is more detailed and accurate about the history and make it a perfect choice of academic study or research while the movie can let us have a wonderful two and half hours of history feast while still can get the main story line. Both material are extremely valuable, we cannot decline any of those two in the function of helping us learning the past. To best describe the relationship between the book and the movie, I think the movie can be the best attachment to the book. The Gender Imbalance in China: History and Overview The Gender Imbalance in China: History and Overview Introduction Carl Max identified social class as the definitive origin of classism as well as of oppression in regards to women. In respect to China, leaders assumed that the birth of the Republic brought with it the demise of class-based discrimination thereby liberating women. But this is not particularly the case as the new society was characterized by amplified efforts to transform the society through masculinization as women became increasingly pressured to act as well as dress in a manly manner. In this respect, the period encompassing the Cultural Revolution saw â€Å"women who tried to look feminine† criticized â€Å"for their improper attitudes† (Ownby, 351). This submission will seek to â€Å"In China’s Modern Economy, a Retro Push against Women† appearing in the New York Times in regards to the picture it paints in relation to gender in China to ordinary American reader. Based on the course as well as various course materials, the article will be critiqued i n regards to the manner in which it displaces various figures presented by the course. Discussion The economic explosion in China has created an array of opportunities for Chinese women on the one hand, but has equally fostered a renaissance of long-introverted traditional values. Increasingly, men as well as women hold the hold the opinion that a woman’s place in society is confined to the home. In this regard, affluent men take mistresses in what epitomizes a modern resurgence of concubines coupled with increasing pressure for women to marry early. In the workplace and particularly the corporate scene, the Socialist-epoch consensus has been substituted with open sexism, which in some intances is toughened by the law (Tatlow and Forsythe, 1). This summation is consistent with the requirement that women bind their feet as the men did as outlined by predetermined cultural norms as well as practices to in an effort to fulfill the need to use the body as attire and therefore use the body as reflection of the society. â€Å"The body was a signpost that could be rearranged by a person to show political allegiance or defiance. The mass hysteria that enforced conformity to Manchu attire unleashed, in turn, affords new insights into the gendered nature of conceptions of the body† (Ko, 20). Patriarchal Society In regards to the article and the impression created to the general reader in America, China is not the society that has been portrayed in various media. It is not a model state in relation to the place of women in the society in comparison with other parts of Asia. The regime has gone to great lengths to portray women as being equal to their male counterparts by declaring their role in the society as being equal to the half the sky (Tatlow and Forsythe, 2). However, the reality is that women still play second fiddle to men and what the Chinese authorities are trying to do is present as false picture to the world in order to justify their position as a global leader underlined by the need to achieve gender equity as well as equality. However, this conclusion does not present itself clearly from the article but the underlying theme of the article is predicated on debunking the erroneous myths advanced to the ordinary American reader. Indeed, while the women in corporate America are struggling with the glass ceiling, their counterparts in China are battling a different and more potent form of career discrimination: the sticky floor. Though the glass ceiling does prevail in China, most women do not seem to progress from the point they entered a career in. They will remain there playing a predefined role in order to meet a specific target. The reality presented here is one where the society tries to maintain as well as control traditional values as opposed to promoting the ideals of a modern woman within a contemporary society. To the American reader, having a woman or several of them in on the board of public or private organization is standard practice due to the inherent advantages within the global business context. However, in the Chinese society as presently constituted, this notion is met with misunderstanding and to some extent boredom by business and government leaders. At this point, the question that begs is why this trend is so prominent in China particularly in state-owned organizations where for instance, a majority of the firms making up the CS300 assemblage do not have women directors despite being owned by the state which could simply make an executive order and make it a requirement for the fairer sex to be represented. A closer look at the article reveals a situation where the society as it were tries to justify why women are still being oppressed and confined to peripheral roles within the great economic renaissance sweeping through China. In this regard, women should be blamed for the precarious situation they find themselves in the present society as they have failed to fight for equality (Tatlow and Forsythe, 3). This conclusion could not deviate further from the truth as the society as presently assembled fails to facilitate the creation of a conducive environment for women to demand their rightful place in the social, economic as well as political realm. Take the Leadership of the Chinese Communism Part as a case in point. The party is primarily dominated by the male gender throughout its ranks. In fact, no woman has ever expressed any intention of ascending to its leadership and by extension the leadership of the Republic due to the patriarchal nature of the current political dispensation th at then defines the interactions within the other facets of the society. Further â€Å"the feminine qualities of irrationality, willingness, regret, romanticism, and love of illusion† have been carried forward to the present generation and as such continue to determine the role women play in the society as regards politics (Barlow and Bjorge, 316). Republican China It is important to take cognizance of the fact that the situation presented by the article has not been sustained throughout the entire history of China. It is therefore important to examine the function women have played historically particularly during the initial decades of the twentieth century- an aspect that has not been adequately examined by the authors. In this regard, the Guomindang Civil Code during the last decade of the 20th century recognized the vital role of an individual in regards to legal purposes. Women were consequently accorded passive agency which, enabled them to resist or endure abuse and if their resistance was judged insufficient, they were criminally liable. Consequently, women were regarded as active agents as well totally autonomous and like men; they controlled their own choices in marriage, sought divorce and inherited property. These then laid the foundation of the new republican society in China (Hershatter, 24). This means that the present society in China was build through an appreciation of the critical role that both sexes can play in building a modern society predicated on class as well as social equality. As previously Stated, the leadership within the Republic views women as holding up half the sky and this statement is therefore not as misplaced as the article would like to portray to the common folk in America. The only difference here being that over time and particularly in the years following the Cultural Revolution, the society changed and perceived the role of women as confined to the home setting. This is why women are today encouraged or rather pressured into marrying early and therefore leaving their career to raise children. New Woman versus Modern Girl The change in gender and sexuality in China during the preliminary decades of this epoch, was first and foremost motivated by the recognition that confining women to their conformist roles within the confines of home and away from the work force meant that their potential to add to the revolution required in the country would remain unexploited and consequently restrain the productivity required to build a modern society as well as economy. To realize this nationalistic goal, China had no option but to construct a novel woman- one who would contribute positively to the state as well as the nation. This woman would be detached from conventional female seclusion based on the fact that labor or gender roles were â€Å"linked with family disaster, with hardship, and barely getting by† (Hershatter, 57). However after China achieved its intended goal as regards to creating a new state, it seems that it was widely believed that women had made their contribution and such, would not be required in China and their place was subsequently their role was confined to the domestic realm. Though a great read, the article fails to take cognizance of these facts in order to give the common reader a lucid picture as to the important contribution made by Chinese women throughput various stages of its illustrious history. What the article does is portray a society that never went through various transformations since the Maoist era where discussing such issues like â€Å"personal life, romantic relationships, or sex was considered bourgeois and hence taboo† (Honig, 143). The new woman created during the creation of the republic therefore differs markedly from the modern girl in the sense that the latter has no role to pray in furthering the goals of the current dispensation as was the case w ith the latter. In this regard, it is important to note that the Cultural Revolution succeeded in creating a modern woman but did not extend the benefits to the modern woman. Positionality in Modern China The current position of women in China is borne out of the realization that the communist regime emphasized gender equality in an effort to unite the two sexes as the nation focused attention on building socialism. The general picture portrayed here is one that depicts gender equality rhetoric that basically epitomizes the reality of inequality in the present society, where women are no more than keepers of the home and therefore cannot play any significant or make any significant contribution to Modern China. Women were only accorded equal status as men in order to for them to get educated and therefore reflect the aspiration of the new Republic. From the article appearing in the New York Times, it is important to examine what being a woman in the current society in China means in regards to the dynamic responsibilities in workplaces as well as the society. The changing social in addition to economic fabric has created numerous opportunities in regards to Chinese women but it is important to interrogate whether these transformations have impacted the roles of women in any significant way. In this respect, a Chinese woman is required by the society, to continue playing her traditional values as espoused by the traditional values esteemed by the cultural stratum while at the same time utilizing the opportunities as well as freedoms presented by the new China (Tatlow and Forsythe, 4). In addition, the growing middleclass living lucratively within the cities is focused on giving their daughter the opportunities they never hand in order to compete effectively with their male colleagues but the idea that women should marry early and consequently leave their careers early in order to raise their children still underlines their perspectives as regards the role of women. This conclusion is supported by fact that even though the Chinese society has changed profoundly in the last few decades, just like other women in the world, they have to strike a balance work and family responsibility if they are going to gain their rightful place in the society (Tatlow and Forsythe, 5). In this respect, a woman can be on the one hand an individual while on the other represent numerous characters. This is markedly different from the manner in which men are viewed as they are only required to be individuals without other characters irrespective of the setting. It is clear that the society under consideration is more opened-minded and continues to recognize the important contribution of women towards social and economic as well as political advancement but societal pressures still persist. Gender differences will therefore continue to influence the way women are viewed and as such, they will never be truly emancipated. Indeed, the powerful assumptions that women are obliged to marry early and consequently focus their energies on families after the birth of a child will account for inherent disparities going forward. More importantly, despite the provisions in law prohibiting discrimination, the vagueness in the writing as well as spirit will continue to maintain the status quo and as such, women will repose as well as reside in the realm of second citizenly from where they cannot make any significant contribution to the future of China (Tatlow and Forsythe, 6). Conclusion The article, â€Å"In China’s Modern Economy, a Retro Push against Women† is great read in regards to painting a true picture of the position women hold in contemporary China. It portrays gender as defining factor in interactions within the society. To the American reader, it depicts are a markedly different situation since the women in the corporate sector there are battling the sticky floor as opposed to the glass ceiling. In essence, the article underscores the need within the society to restrict women to a particular rank without giving them any incentive to progress as societal needs in regards to gender roles must at all times supersede the need to progress career-wise. Works cited Barlow, Tani E and Bjorge Gary J. I Myself Am A woman: Selected writings of Ding Ling. Boston: Boston Press, 1989. Print. Hershatter, Gail. National Countermemories: The Gender of Memory: Rural Chinese Women and the 1950s. Gender and Cultural Memory, 2002: 43-70. Print. Honig, Emily. Socialist Sex: The Cultural Revolution Revisted. Modern China 29.2, 2003: 143-175. Print. Ko, Dorothy. The Body As Attire: The Shifting Meaning of Footbinding in Sebenteeth Century China. Journal of Womens History, 1997: 8-27. Print. Ownby, David. The Gender of Rebels. Du, Shanshan and Ya-chen Chen. Women and Gender in Contemporary Chinese Societies: Beyond Han Patriarchy. Lexington Books, 2013. 385-386. Print. Tatlow, Didi Kirsten and Michael Forsythe. In China’s Modern Economy, a Retro Push Against Women. New York Times, 20th February 2015. Web.